摘要:
竹纤维是竹材的高附加值产物，为了有效发挥各种竹材的优势，解决竹材加工利用中不同竹种存在差异、机械开纤时竹纤维难提取等问题，分析了竹材种类、初始含水率、软化方法对其机械开纤条件的影响和各竹种纤维的特性。采用碱液煮沸软化，研究了不同竹材在不同工艺参数条件下的开纤条件与纤维的特性。结果表明：①软化参数对丛生竹与混生竹的影响大于散生竹，丛生竹的软化效果较好，且纤维得率高。竹种纤维得率排序为：慈竹>硬头黄>苦竹>毛竹。慈竹新鲜试件经过机械碾压开纤后纤维得率最高，为65.47%。干燥毛竹纤维得率最低，为34.74%。②竹材的初始含水率越高，蒸煮软化后开纤效果越好。初始含水率为40%的慈竹纤维得率最高，较5%的竹材纤维得率提高了28.09%。初始含水率为5%的苦竹纤维得率最低，为38.21%。③新鲜竹材制取的纤维平均长度普遍大于干燥组，硬头黄与苦竹新鲜组与干燥组制取的纤维差距最大，毛竹新鲜组与干燥组制取的纤维差距最小。各干燥组竹种机械制取的纤维细度较新鲜组更均匀，各竹种细度主要分布在100~200 μm区间。④毛竹机械开纤制取的纤维力学性能最优，竹材纤维的力学性能与竹种有关，竹材初始含水率对纤维的力学性能影响较小。可见不同竹材开纤条件与纤维特性存在显著差异，在对竹类资源进行开发利用时需扬长避短。
Abstract:
Bamboo fiber is a type of high value-added bamboo products. In order to give full play to the advantages of various bamboos and solve the problems of interspecies differences in bamboo processing and utilization and difficult extraction of bamboo fiber during mechanical fiber opening, the effects of bamboo species, initial water content and softening method on its fiber opening conditions were analyzed, and the fiber characteristics of various bamboo species were analyzed. The methods of alkali boiling softening and normal temperature pressure infiltration were used. The results showed that the effects of softening parameters on sympodial bamboos and amphipodial bamboos were greater than that of monopodial bamboos. Sympodial bamboo had better softening effect and high fiber yield. In descending order, the fiber yield of each bamboo species was, Neosinocalamus affinis, Bambusa rigida, Pleioblastus amarus, Phyllostachys edulis. The fiber yield of fresh samples of Neosinocalamus affinis was the highest, amounting to 65.47%. The fiber yield of dried Phyllostachys edulis was the lowest, being 34.74%. The higher the initial water content of bamboo, the better the fiber opening effect after cooking and softening. The fiber yield of Neosinocalamus affinis with 40% initial water content was the highest, being 28.09% higher than that of those with 5% initial water content. The fiber yield of Pleioblastus amarus with 5%initial water content was 38.21%, being the lowest. The average fiber length of fresh bamboo was generally greater than that of the drying group. The fiber difference between the fresh and drying group of Bambusa rigida and Pleioblastus amarus was the largest, and the fiber difference between the fresh and the drying group of Phyllostachys edulis was the smallest. The fiber fineness of the dried group was more uniform than that of the fresh group, and the fineness of each bamboo species ranged mainly in 100-200 μM interval. The mechanical properties of bamboo fiber prepared by mechanical fiber opening were the best, and they varied with bamboo species, and the initial water content of bamboo had little effect on the mechanical properties of fiber. Thus, there were significant differences in fiber opening conditions and fiber characteristics of different bamboo species. In the development and utilization of bamboo resources, it is necessary to develop strengths and avoid weaknesses.
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